Non-Verbal Communications to Clinch a Job Interview

Individuals communicate not through words alone, but through non-verbal communications, cues and messages transmitted, usually through body language and facial expressions. A great deal of meaning is conveyed by non-verbal means of communication, and when integrated with effective verbal language, can better convey or stress the intended message. Non-verbal communications, though, tends to be overlooked by many people, especially during crucial moments, like a job interview. It must be remembered that the various types of non-verbal communications have a significant impact on the communication process and play a critical part in successful business communications, as they complement oral discourse in today’s dynamic workplaces and other milieus. Non-Verbal Communications to Clinch a Job Interview Conveying a positive message with the right non-verbal cues can spell a great difference in jumpstarting a person’s career, ensuring a smooth and successful career path, and in effectively dealing with others, in general. Five of the most common ways whereby non-verbal messages can be utilized in favor of a person being interviewed for a supervisory position in a business organization are: physical appearance, both of the written message and the individual; body language; space or territoriality; and time.   The physical appearance of written messages, like a job applicant’s cover letter and resume, must follow the formal principles of style, correct grammar and spelling, in professional format and clean printout.   A person’s physical characteristics, likewise, must impart an overall professional look. When applying for a job interview, the person must be punctual and be well-groomed, clean, attractive and well-dressed, but not overdone nor dressed inappropriately. Clothes that fit well, are clean and neatly pressed contribute to a smart aura and show that a person cares enough to look professional on the job.   Clothes can communicate economic status, current occupation, and values, so care in choosing the right key pieces to wear can elicit favorable feedback from others. Postural non-verbal communication will also heighten a good impression, especially during job interviews. A person’s body orientation, arm and leg positions, and general sitting posture can send signals of being at ease, confident, or ready for challenges. Job applicants will do well not to fidget and not to avoid eye contact, lest they be seen as nervous or insecure, and to refrain from making defensive postures as crossed arms and legs that may convey a closed attitude. Occasional nodding, keeping the head up, and using the hands confidently to stress a point may be fine. Cheerful, not exaggerated facial expressions and gestures, like a firm handshake, plus an overall good attitude, may be used to display sincerity, confidence and respect for a position (â€Å"Nonverbal Communication,† 1998). In terms of communicating messages through space, individuals must keep a slight distance from job interviewers — and later on from higher-ups — to signify respect for, rather than an invasion of, their personal space.   Not standing too close when speaking to superiors also signifies respect for their status in the organization. Last but not the least, a job applicant up for a supervisory position must make optimum use of the time spent with the interviewer, which in some way reflects the applicant’s time management skill.   It may also be regarded as a sign that he may not tend to cram work, nor be too exhausted to assume work priorities.   After all, only when a person has time for himself and others can he truly be at his best or most productive. Reference College of DuPage (1998, May 27). Types of Nonverbal Communication. In Communication  Ã‚  Ã‚   ( ¶ 11). Retrieved March 7, 2008 from http://www.cod.edu/Course/MGT100?mgtcomm.htm         

Avi’s Crispin: The Cross of Lead Essay

The story basically takes place in the era of the fourteenth century wherein half the world has prudently changed it such delight as movements have started to unfold the belligerent realm of the country. â€Å"Crispin is somebody who thinks of himself as nothing, and in the course of the book, comes to think of himself as something. † This is what Avi says of his latest fictional hero, Crispin, a 13-year-old in 14th-century England who’s running for his life. Here’s a quick glimpse at this exciting adventure story. Once master and apprentice arrive in Great Wexly for the Midsummer’s Day festivities and some seditious intrigue on Bear’s part, Avi slows down and offers both the reader and Crispin a chance to look around, but things speed up again with the reappearance of the steward and pursuit through the streets of the medieval city. The story commences with a funeral, that of a community recluse whose precedent is wearing a veil in vagueness and whose minor lad is recognized merely as â€Å"Asta’s son. † Stuck in sorrow for his protector, the boy discovers his moniker, Crispin, commencing from the rural community cleric, even though his apparently dead father’s personality and identification for that matter remains unclear. The words imprinted on his mother’s precious ‘lead cross’ may endow with some sign, but the priest is murdered before he can enlighten him with the illiterate lead. Worse, Crispin is alleged over the murder by the manor warden, hence naming him as a â€Å"wolf’s head† (wanted dead or alive), but then again, it is subliminally preferably dead. Crispin leaves the twon who hated him for no valid reason, and became a traveling performer. The cause for the steward’s enmity is finally revealed–Crispin is the illegitimate son of the local lord, who recently died without an heir–but the expected ending gets a surprise twist when Crispin trades this birthright for Bear’s safety. From Crispin’s initial religious dependence and inability to meet others’ eyes to his eventual choice of his own path and freedom, the theme of self-determination is carried lightly, giving this quick, easily digested thriller just the right amount of heft. Indeed, it offers a whole new dimension of prose in the modern day readers. Reference: Avi. (2004). Crispin: The Cross of Lead. New York: Hyperion.

Holden Australia Essay

1. Management Decision Problem 1.1 Background Holden is an Australian company which is manufacturing and supply of cars, engines and auto parts. With the vehicle market in good times, the sales of Holden continued to drop even though it received a massive financial supplement of approximately $150 million a year from the Australian government (Coorey, 2013). Moreover, Martin (2013) states that the VF model as a new product cannot alleviate the crisis in the market and influence Holden’s decline 12.5% in 2012 (Appendix 1). In 2013, Holden manufacturing plants suddenly announced that it will cease its production line in Australia in 2017. The main reason is that Holden doesn’t have a definite understanding of the consumer preferences and purchase intentions. These problems resulted in the company facing difficulty with their business operation. 1.2 Decision Makers Key Goal Holden should improve their innovation of products to increase their sales volume. 1.3 Management Decision Problem Should Holden is new product be changed? 1.4 Rationale Research Problem The new product of Holden has problems that are different from the real demand of the customer. Successful industrial innovation has three critical factors which are technology push, demand pull, and integrated model (Rothwell, 1992, p. 221).Holden’s innovation developments not only dominate product line but also influence on product sale result. When Holden develops new products, it is not based on the customer feedback instead according to the company’s product categories and competitors’ developed product. It leads to setting a vague plan to develop products. As a consequence, some customers may not purchase the innovation vehicle because the products are not needed. 2. Marketing Research Problem 2.1 Marketing Research Problem statement To determine consumer preferences and purchase intentions for the proposed. 2.2 Rationale Research Problem According to Holden Australia, the outlook of vehicles market is positive, but its market share is in decline, some scholars think that Holden is  inability to build quality in innovation may be the main problem that will influence its market share and change consumer purchase behavior. Therefore, Holden should maintain its competitive advantage through decreasing product life cycles, building quality in innovation and investigating perceptions held by Australia customers. Additionally, Holden can identify different variables which may change consumer decision making based on the MRP in order to increase market share and develop new product. 3. Research Objective Problem 3.1 Research objective one To rank how Holden Australia introduces new attractive offers for the customers to increase the sales of the product. (RO1) 3.2 Research objective two To assess Holden Australia’s new product to satisfy the different customers’ needs. (RO2) 3.3 Research objective three To identify Holden Australia needs to supply target group planning to vehicle market. (RO3) 4. Repertory Test The repertory test is one of the research objectives. It is through the structured qualitative interview (normally one-on-one) that is used to identify the interviewees’ opinion to the test topic and it is trustworthy. Repertory test also known as Kelly’s Triads or Triad sorts (Wilson, A. M., 2006). In today’s society, repertory test analysis is one of the popular techniques for estimating research targets and it is a common method to generate constructs through some targets and participants (Pike, 2005). Furthermore, the repertory test has other benefits which are help researchers to understand the opinion of the respondents more conveniently and effectively and distinguished the detail could be more identify etc.. However, the repertory test also has a couple of disadvantages including taking more time for analysis and lack of standard of test. In this case, Repertory test can be used in research to identify how Holden attracts customers to purchase. There are two key points to help Holden attract clients. First of all, the repertory test will be used on the Ro1. The company can use this test to understand the clients’ psychological state. According to appendix 2, car customers’ ranking shows Holden’s score is -3%. In contrast, Japanese cars with a positive score come out top. Holden really  need to understand the Australian consumer buying behavior or psychological motivations, and which marketing method is the most attractive to Australian consumer. Secondly, it can also use this test on the Ro2. The aim of RO2 is to satisfy the customer different needs, so the test can be used to identify what the customers’ real demand about the existing car or new product is. For example, quality and safety are important factors for Australia consumers buying a new car (Appendix 3). Therefore, Holden can analyze the competitive strengths and weaknesses, and then improve their products. This will improve their sale status. 5. Focus Group The focus group is the mostly widely used in qualitative tools. A focus group discussion is to collect data through a group (8 to 10 participants) interaction and a moderator. The main objective of a focus group is to get in depth answers of consumers, and understand consumer attitudes and behavior on its products (Warren, C. A. B., & Karner, T. X., 2010). The group participants are selected carefully and discussions based on their experiences and views. In addition, researchers or clients can use one –way mirrors to observe participants’ opinions and behaviors. Moreover, focus groups can be an early stage to reduce problem as a filter. The advantages of focus groups are freedom, comfortable, high involvement, and commonality experience. For example, if participants have similar experiences and attitudes as others, they will have higher willingness to discuss the topic with other group members. Therefore, researchers not only can involve participants efficiently, but al so can stimulate discussion of the topic. However, there still are some disadvantages of focus groups, including misuse, misjudge, moderation, messy and misrepresentation. For example, when participants have difficulties in presenting their opinions it will cause the discussion to fail. In this case, the focus groups can be used for research objective three. Researchers of Holden Australia should make up a target group in order to investigate consumer attitudes and behaviors. The main goal is to increase Holden’s market share through consumer trends. There are three main topics to increase market share and maintain competitive advantages. Firstly, Holden should build quality in its new product in order to satisfy consumer demands. For example, safety is very  important for majority consumer (Appendix 3). The second topic is to focus on price, when consumers who focus on cost will change their purchase behavior (Ahmed, M., Zaman, F.& Irfan ,M. S., 2013). For example, Holden can provide promotional program to attract consumers. The last one is that Holden’ sales services are a very important stage to increasing costumer’s willingne ss to purchase again. Reference Colquhoun, S.& Blackbur, B. (2010, August 3). Ford, Holden fail satisfaction survey. Drive. Retrieved from http://www.drive.com.au/motor-news/ford-holden-fail-satisfaction-survey-20100803-114hk.html Coorey, P. (2013, December 11). Government’s treatment of Holden was bizarre. Financial Review. Retrieved from http://www.afr.com/p/national/government_treatment_of_holden_was_QwElLu2O3lse6cNIradzzI Martin, T. (2013, November 8). Market Insight: Holden hopes rise with VF sales. Market Insight company news. Retrieved from http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/34C9E821132DC201CA257C1D0005E329#!prettyPhoto Masoom Ahmed, Fazluz Zaman, & Munshi Shamsuzzaman Irfan. (2013). Consumer’s brand choice behavior for car. Kuwait Chapter of the Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 2(5), 198 Pike, S. (2005). The use of repertory grid analysis and importance-performance analysis to identify determinant attributes of universities. Journal of Marketing for Higher Educ ation, 14(2), 1-18. Rothwell, R. (1992). Successful industrial innovation: Critical factors for the 1990s. R&D Management, 22(3), 221-240. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1992.tb00812.x Warren, C. A. B., & Karner, T. X. (2010). Discovering qualitative methods: Field research, interviews, and analysis. New York: Oxford University Press. Wilson, A. M. (2006). Marketing research: An integrated approach. New York: Prentice Hall/Financial Times.

Career Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Career Portfolio - Essay Example After graduation, my goal is to secure a job in the field of human resource management while looking into the possibility of further studies for specialization in the field. Before I go back to China, I would like to be able to gain both work experience and academic knowledge here in the UK. Cameron (2009) presented a model to guide aspirants of successful careers that is founded on positive thinking. The first step is knowing oneself and that includes one’s skills, strengths and weaknesses. Once that is achieved, the aspirant searches for potential employers whose organization will benefit from the aspirant’s skills. Next is being able to present oneself professionally with evidence of such skills. In time, the aspirant will gain more knowledge and experience and he will be able to present himself successfully. I believe that Cameron’s model will be able to help me chart my career and this career portfolio assignment is a good start. It will comprise the first s tep of knowing myself through self-analysis by reflecting on my own skills, strengths and weaknesses. This assignment will also plan out my strategy in finding potential employers and how I can present myself professionally to them to increase my chances of being accepted for internship. Industry/Sector analysis Knowing about the industry one wants to join entails careful study and analysis. Human resource management (HRM) is the field I want to specialize in someday and this portion will highlight what HRM is all about. HRM has been ascribed an essential role in achieving the goals of organizations. Its rise had important implications on the recognition of workers. The competencies of employees have been given more notice in recruitment and selection as well as in training and development (Van Marrewijk & Timmers, 2003). Its strategic position as a sounding board for top management and facilitator and change agent in the restructuring and transformation processes of the company is equally balanced with its role as an important partner for employees. â€Å"Thus, the HRM function positions itself in two ways: as the architect of new organizational structures and work systems, and as coach in management development processes and companion of employees in turnaround processes† (Van Marrewijk & Timmers, 2003, p.174) HRM is also in charge of performance appraisals of the people working for the organization. Stone (2002) defines it as a vital tool for strategy execution by â€Å"providing a dynamic link to employee recruitment, selection, training and development, career planning, compensation and benefits, safety and health and industrial relations† (p.264). Further, Stone explains: It signals to managers and employees what is really important; it provides ways to measure what is important; it fixes accountability for behaviour and results; and it helps in improving performance. Finally, performance appraisal is necessary to defend the organisation ag ainst individuals who legally challenge the validity of management decisions relating to promotions, transfers, salary changes ,and, termination (p. 264) Being aware of people’s needs and skills, HRM goes beyond the appraisals and attempt to develop them professionally. Employee development has been identified as key to improving overall organizational effectiveness. Jacobs and Washington (2003) have defined it as thus: Employee development refers to an integrated set of planned programs, provided over a period of time, to help assure that all individuals have the competence

The Last Supper by Leonardo Da Vinci and Jacopo Tintoretto Term Paper

The Last Supper by Leonardo Da Vinci and Jacopo Tintoretto - Term Paper Example Focusing on the theme of the last days of Christ's life, Leonardo da Vinci makes it clear that the ideals of humanism are extremely important to him. The compositional structure of the painting created between 1495 and 1498 corresponds to the aesthetic principles of humanism. The symmetrical organization of the picture confirm this. Jesus is the central figure and six of the apostles are sitting on the left and right of him. In general, the apostles are divided into four groups of three. Behind Jesus, one can see three windows that visually enlarge the space, while there are four doors or curtains on the left and right sides of the picture. All this is consistent with the principles of humanity in relation to the organization of the space. However, the influence of humanism is not limited to these items. Its main value is observed in a special emotionality of the images. Da Vinci has made a special emphasis on the reaction of the apostles in response to Jesus' words about the fact th at one of them would betray him. The phrase â€Å"One of you will betray me† causes a different reaction from all the apostles and this reaction is expressed by a variety of their gestures and facial expressions. In other words, â€Å"together with facial attributes and expressions these gestures depict the essential character of each apostle†. â€Å"These reactions are quite specific to each apostle, expressing what Leonardo called the ‘motions of the mind'†. In spite of the expressivity of these images, the painting shows a certain order.

Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Music - Essay Example For example, for Muslim, chanting of the Koran is not musical while for a Christian, chanting or any form of rhythm that has melodic structure is considered musical. Therefore, bringing together individuals in Eastern Europe can be a hard task. For the Southern America part, there exist many cultures that are diverse in nature and require to be united. The larger part is the Afro-American individuals, the Irish and the Southerners. The most dominant language used is English, although they have different cultural belief for music. While in china, there is not much of the variation of cultures apart from the various dynasties. As a result, most of their cultures are in harmony with each other. Managed culturalism has enabled the areas to be able to adapt various cultures in music. For example, the Chinese can perform South American music and vice versa. In some instances, some cultures have fused their music like form the Eastern Europe fused music with the Afro-Americans music. The ma in purpose for cultural fusion in music culture of these areas is to make their culture to be more diverse in nature. Music culture differs in these areas due to the varied instruments that they use, the harmonies that they use and the type of music that are chosen for each event. Western musical styles and their impacts to the rest of the world Western musical culture has remained a great influence to the rest of the world. Some may be the classical nature of their music that most of the world has currently adapted into their system. Western musical styles have been used in various ways as it can be evidenced that some schools form the Asian background and Africa are performing Scottish dances, classical pieces and even most of the playing games originated from the western musical style. The positive impact is that, the rest of the world is able to adapt to the various cultures of music from the rest of the world. It is advantageous to see Scottish dances being performed by an Afri can country and it also promotes cohesiveness and anti-racism. The negative impact is that, adoption of the western style of music has made most of the original cultures to be conjugated or some even have become lost hence, no original style of music for some cultures globally. Indian music culture Indian music culture has impacted greatly on the western culture. Indians have a diverse musical culture and diverse instruments. In most of their performances, they use wind instruments for performance and have very melodic lines that are in most cases highly pitched in nature. The west has adopted some of the music cultures from India. It is mainly the classical genres of pieces that have been most impacted by Indian Classical music. This is attributed to the fact that, most pieces from the Indian culture have been arranged by various western musicians such that they sound as classical pieces. Indonesian popular music has the similarities of popular music that are played currently. With modern music, there exists some form of rock fused with R and B which can be seen in Indian popular music. R and B is a characteristic that is evident in most of the upcoming popular music in Indonesia. Popular music has greatly changed most of the genres in the world. For example, Asian culture or tradition has been conjugated with popular characteristics of music, while some of the Asian cultures have been adapted to fit

Our company is considering entering the manufacturing market for snow Research Paper

Our company is considering entering the manufacturing market for snow skis. You have been asked to examine all material(s) that - Research Paper Example A number of companies mainly in United States and Europe are currently producing Snow skis. Throughout the history, various materials have been used in making of skis and advancement continues to be seen. Skis manufacturing have a long history. Based on archeological studies, a wooden ski was first identified in at Lake Sindor in Russia, the skiing equipment was dated to have been in use between 6300 and 5000 BC.(Burov 393). This is the earliest evidence involving the use of skis. Apart from artifacts of skis, many historical drawings and paintings have shown skiing activities where individuals use the skis. Ski construction started becoming dominant in the end of nineteenth century especially in Austria and Switzerland (Classic skis 1). The architecture of these early alpine skis was simple but they were wide and short. These characteristics enabled the skis to have high agility, hence capable of the ability to penetrate areas with deep snow and elevated areas. Since these early tim es, the designs, shape and the materials used in making skis has continued to diversify. Different types of wood have been used in the construction of the skis, varying from wood, plastics, metals or a blend of the three. The main materials in making of skis have been wood for the better part of the twentieth century. Different wooden materials have been in use depending on the place where the skis are located. Today some companies have retained the use of wood but the technology seems not attract many of the skiers. The initial wooden skis were curved using hands, to make simple skis (Wooden skis 1). In the modern setup, this design has completely changed with the adoption of a torsion box architecture that is more sophisticated and requires additional materials to make. Because of the water-properties of wood, other materials have taken its place. This has created limited use of wood in the modern context. Skis are simple skiing equipment but they are made up several parts. It is important that a ski buyer is familiar with it in order to get the best ski for the desired skiing. The base is the part of a ski that has direct contact with or faces the ground surface. Most of the skis’ bases in the modern times are made of aluminum or fiberglass. The camber is space that is evident at below the centre of the ski. Contact points are the positions of attachment between the ski and the snow without the rider imparting pressure on it. The waist is the part of the ski that is narrowest, usually appearing at the centre of the side cut. Other parts of the ski include the top or otherwise called the deck where the bindings are placed. It also has the effective edge, the tip, the shovel, and the side cut (ABC of Skiing 1). Various categories of the modern day skis are manufactured depending on the material used. The classic wooden skis are curved using hands; they are long and have thin sides, an aberration from the original design. In addition, they have a rectan gular shape but have a curve in one of the ends. Another form of skis was advanced to use steel, these are the so-called edges, and their architecture varies because of the screwed steel at its bottom. Wood and metal laminates have also been developed, the wooden laminate involves pieces of wood that are glued together, and these are flexible, stiff and are lighter. Metal laminates were initially made of aluminum but proved inefficient; they had to blend aluminum with wood. Advancing with the technology the

Classroom philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Classroom philosophy - Essay Example Once the school calendar begins, students should be introduced to the teacher’s philosophy immediately to them time to orient with the changes if any have taken place. Teachers use classroom philosophy to develop management techniques in how to organize students and learning materials to enable effective and efficient learning. The aim of this discussion is to create a personal philosophy of classroom management aimed at improving the teaching practice and its goals. As a first time teacher or an experienced teacher, the start of a new school calendar, every teacher is faced with the aspect of meeting new students. The teacher is presented with the aspect of dealing with different personalities and attitudes apart from those they were used to in the preceding classes. A teacher should ensure that she makes it clear to the students of what is expected from them, and what the teacher needs to achieve this goal. The best way to go about this, is establishing a rapport with all the students if possible, and the best way to do this is through effective communication (Wong & Wong 128). According to Wong & Wong, this enables the teacher to be able set up ground rules in the classroom. Teachers should set out guidelines set in the ground rules on how to handle matters like indiscipline and misbehavior. When students are left in doubt of the teacher’s ability to carry out punishments in the event of indiscipline (DePalma 64), the authority structure is broken down. DePalma believes if the students suspect that the teacher is incapable of carrying out punishments for wrongful behavior; there will be a break down in authority and chances of truancy are increased. The best way to prevent this is to dispense the prescribed mode of punishment required for each wrongful deed committed. Teachers should strive to ensure that there is no breakdown in authority in their classrooms because it easier to maintain and enforce discipline than instilling it

18 kids were right all along Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

18 kids were right all along - Essay Example While he has a point that high school can be boring and repetitive in the final two years, Melcher fails to adequately take into account the possibilities available to students in high school to keep them interested, the problem of maturity level of students and misses perhaps the strongest argument in favor of his position, the school system established in England. Students who have planned their education well are capable of graduating from high school as many as two years earlier than normal now thanks to specialized advanced level classes and limited electives. However, many of these students opt to remain in school longer as a means of further exploring other interests, beginning the difficult process of selecting an appropriate career by discovering interests and ruling out others. Other programs, such as dual credit courses and vocational courses, serve to continue high school students’ interest even further. For those who are bored with school, just a little application enables them to leave earlier as Melcher suggests. Teenagers aged 15 or 16 are notoriously confident of their own maturity level and abilities to their own delusion. In addition, they are provided with a driver’s license and often a vehicle at this age, giving them unprecedented freedom and range. Should they be turned loose on the streets at this point, without even a class to attend, it is difficult to say what they might do. Some very few would undoubtedly continue their education with a view toward their future, but too many, without further guidance or other guidelines put in place, would simply go wild. This is, indeed, a problem among the poorer segments of the urban population in England and elsewhere where school is optional after age 16. Finally, Melcher neglects to mention the strongest argument in favor of his position. England, for example, has a school

American History Questions and Answers Assignment

American History Questions and Answers - Assignment Example Also the North, being rich in economic resources, was able to supply its armies with better equipment. The Union states owned most of the country’s industries including shipping, bank capital, railroad mileage, and taxable wealth. With bigger industries, the North does not need rely on foreign trade to provide materials for the war. It had its own commerce and industry to provide necessary supplies for its troops. Also, the North had a naval advantage to block the Southern ports so that it cannot receive their much needed supplies. Meanwhile, it cannot be said that the South had no reasons to believe that it is going to win the war. There are crucial advantages that the South had over the North such as its ‘home field advantage’, strong fighting spirit, more military leaders, and early war preparation. Since the civil war was fought with the North invading the South, soldiers from the Confederacy fought on a more familiar terrain that is close to home. Because of this, Southerners had strong fighting spirits being proficient in hunting, riding, and other skills necessary to fight within their territory. Also, the south had better military leaders since a higher proportion of Southerners had attended West Point and other military schools, became army officers, and fought in military operations. Adding to this, the South prepared for the war much earlier than the north which gave and this gave them an advantage when it comes to preparedness for the fight. 2. What were the Monitor and the Virginia? The USS Monitor were CSS Virginia the two famous ironclad warships which participated in the naval battle between the North and South. While the Union had a strong naval force, the confederate army was able to convert its steam frigate USS Merrimack into CSS Virginia as an ironclad rams that would sank one Union warship with its iron ram and 10 with its torpedoes. This sent panics in Washington that prompted them to build USS Monitor – a small er warship with two 11-inch guns with revolving turret. With its size, USS monitor presented a small target with an intense gun power with its revolving turret. Because of this, the naval war between the Monitor and Virginia was dubbed as the â€Å"battle of the ironclads†. It resulted to a draw with Virginia going home to Norfolk, unable to engage the battle again. 3. How did the South raise an army? What methods did they use to find men to fight? In 1862, the South instituted drafting by requiring three years of service for males who are 18 to 35 years old. Later however, the confederate decided to increase the draft age up to 45 in October 1862. Additionally, an overseer exemption was implemented for one white man who has 20 or more slaves on every plantation. According to the Twenty Negro Law, the purpose of this is to prevent slave uprising and to keep up the production. As such, many non-slaveholding farm families regarded the policy as discrimination towards them. As a result, the law provoked avoidance and widespread desertions in the Confederate army. Additionally, the South allowed substitution in its drafting policy, enabling drafted men to pay a commutation fee of $300 for exemption. Because of this, the policy was labeled as â€Å"rich man’s war, poor man’s fight† just like in the Northern States. 4. What was the Conscription Act of 1863? The Conscription Act of 1863 was signed by President Abraham Lincoln to require every male citizen and

Demand vs Supply Essay Example for Free

Demand vs Supply Essay The two main driving forces of the economy are supply and demand. Understanding the basic concepts of supply and demand can help an organization focus on the bottom line. According to Gretzen (2007), demand is the relationship between price and quantity. Supply refers to the amount of a good or service available at any particular price. The principle of supply and demand describes a balance that develops between the supply of an item or service and the demand for it (Kleinman, 2009). Economics plays a major role in the health care industry. As a resource, the health care workforce is a determinant of the balance between supply and demand. The health care workforce consists of nurses, physicians, and other ancillary health care workers such as certified nurses’ aides (CNA’s) and patient care associates (PCA’s). The supply of health care workers directly impacts the demand of quality care rendered to patients. SERVICE OR PRODUCT Health care organizations have specific stated missions and visions to map out their fundamental way of operation. In health care, the workforce is instrumental in assisting with the organizational delivery of services to consumers (patients). The primary issue for all health care workforce personnel is that of inadequate staffing. This paper focuses on the staffing effectiveness of supplemental staffing of health care personnel within the inpatient setting. IMPACT Nursing managers formulate staffing patterns on a daily basis. The staffing of inpatient units requires a knowledge of unit census (total bed capacity),  consideration of patient acuity (level of care required for the patient), and skill mix (nursing hours per patient per day and nurse patient ratio) (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002). Often times, inadequate staffing is due to a high rate of call outs of sickness or other emergencies. Inadequate staffing directly impacts patient safety and quality of care. All health care titles render supplemental staffing coverage in one of two ways, overtime and through per-diem agencies. Overtime employment provides regular full time employees with monies set at a rate of time and half for any extra work completed over the prescribed 40 hours a week. Per-diem agencies are outside contractors capable of providing their own qualified titled personnel to fill vacancies with monies defined at a set rate. Patients are admitted to inpatient setting with varied co-morbidities may or may not indirectly increase the necessity of staff. Patients are often admitted for diagnoses of altered mental status, agitation / combativeness, risk for falls, suicidal ideation, and alcohol or drug intoxication. Many patients require a higher level of skilled care, such as turning and repositioning, and assistance with activities of daily living such as toileting and eating. It requires a higher staff to patient ratio to provide safe, effective quality care. PERSPECTIVE AND RATIONALE According to published reports there are key factors affecting the adequacy of the health care workforce. Some key factors include an aging workforce of where 40 percent of practicing physicians are older than 55, and one-third of the nursing workforce is over 50 with a majority of both professionals seeking to retire within the next 10 years (Alliance for Health Reform, 2011). The largest groups of health professionals in the United States are composed of Registered Nurses. Statistically, there is a huge decline in the numbers of nurses within all regions of the U.S. An estimated 118,000 FTE RNs will exit the workforce within the next five years (Staiger, Auerbac, Buerhaus, 2012). This potentially leaves a major void in terms of numbers of bodies needed to fill vacated positions. Low staffing levels are associated with higher rates of adverse outcomes that are directly sensitive to nursing attention, such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, pressure ulcers, and falls (American Federation of Teachers, 2012). Unintended additional costs  associated with the development of complications in patients are greater than labor savings when units are understaffed. Acquiring pressure ulcers are estimated to cost the health care industry $8.5 billion per year (Kleinman, 2009) Overtime costs and per-diem agency costs can’t stand alone to solve the issues of staffing shortage. Their combined usage enables institutions to deliver optimal health care services to consumers/ patients. The supply of overtime and per-diem staff meets the increased demands of patients. It also assists in the delivery of quality care through services rendered. In terms of patient safety, the potentiality of the risk of injury to patients via falls, medication errors, and or sentinel events decreases. CONCLUSION The United States is a great consumer demand for health care services. The supply of such services is affected by varied factors. These factors directly influence the financial stability of health care organizations. Recessional times cause delays in career and retirement plans for health care professionals. In recessional times, there are noted changes in the supply and demand of the health care workforce. The shortage of registered nurses and providers in the workforce may inadvertently lead to a reduction in health care access for consumers. Inadequate staffing levels place heavy burdens on the nursing staff. Adverse events such as falls, hospital acquired infections and medication errors are potentially painful and life threatening events. Adverse events can result in considerable costs to be paid by the understaffed institution. For this reason alone, supplemental staffing via agency and overtime personnel provides a measure of increased patient safety. The future is trending towards the assistance in the recovery of the health care workforce shortage. It will rely heavily on the provisions made by the Affordable Care Act of 2010 (Alliance for health reform, 2011). Recruitment and reinvestment in health care professions especially nurses and physicians will assure sufficient supply of workforce personnel to meet the increased demands of health care economy and its’ consumers( Kaiser Foundation (2012). The Joint Commission bolsters workforce infrastructure through in-service and continuing education, supporting nursing education, and the adoption of set staffing levels based on  competency and skill mix relative to patient mix and acuity (Stanton, 2012). It also supports the establishment of financial incentives for health care organizations investing in nursing and workforce services. REFERENCES Alliance for Health Reform. (April, 2011). Health care workforce: Future Supply vs. Demand. Retrieved from http://www.allhealth.org/publications/medicare / health_care_workforce. American Federation of Teachers. (2012). Issues: Healthcare Staffing. Retrieved from http://www.aft.org/issues/healthcare/staffing/index.cfm Changes in Health Care Financing Organization. (August, 2009). Issue brief: Impact of the economy on health care. Retrieved from http://www.academyhealth.org /files/hvfo/findings0809.pdf Getzen, T.E. (2007). Health economics and financing. (3rd ed.). John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. Kleinman, C. (2009). Health care supply demand. Retrieved from http://www.community.advanceweb.com Staiger, D. O., Auerbach, D. I., Buerhaus, P. I. (2012, April). Registered nurse labor supply and the recession- Are we in a bubble? New England Journal of Medicine, (366), 1463-1465. Stanton, M. (2012). Hospital nurse staffing and quality of care. Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/research/nursestaffing/nursestaff.htm U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (July, 2002). Projected supply, demand, and shortages of registered nurses: 2000- 2020. Retrieved from http://hrsa.gov. The Kaiser Foundation. (2012). Nursing workforce: Background brief. Retrieved from http://www.kaiseredu.org/Issues-Modules

Chiquita Banana Overview Essay Example for Free

Chiquita Banana Overview Essay Chiquita Brands International, Inc. is one of the most important international marketers and distributors of food products derived from bananas, as well as other fruits and healthy snack products. Chiquita Banana revenues for about $3 billion dollars a year and employs more than 21,000 people and operates in about 70 countries worldwide. Chiquita Banana  together with Dole, Del Monte and Fyffes control about 80% of the global banana market. In 1993 the EU created the Common Organization of the Market in Bananas (COMB) to deal with the harsh competition between these companies. They would allow duty free access to the EU but subject to quotas to bananas from the Africa’s, Caribbean and Pacific, while bananas from Latin America were subject to an import tax of 176 Euros per ton and a quota of 2533 t. As an American company we have decided to take advantage of the new treaty restricting Latin American and ACP countries from exporting bananas to the EU. It will not be an easy task because we still have to compete against European banana producers, but we are an established company and we are determined to benefit from this event and gain market share in the European Union. PESTEL analysis for the European Union POLITICAL: †¢The European Union is composed of 28 member states. †¢The EU has created a single market by standardizing laws within the member states. †¢Some of the objectives of creating this union is to create a better flow on the circulation of goods, capital, people and services within the union. Once a good or service is accepted within the union it is protected from customs, taxes and import quotas as long as they remain within the union. †¢Free movement of capital is intended to allow investment of properties between countries, something that could help banana growers since they can look for more fertile land in neighboring countries. †¢The monetary policy is the Eurozone and is governed by the European Central Bank. ECONOMIC: †¢The European Union’s GDP is ranked as number one in the world accounting for $16.58 trillion dollars. †¢Export goods account for $1.687 trillion, some of the main export partners of the European union are: oUS 17.3% China 8.5% Switzerland 7.9% Russia 7.3% Turkey 4.5 % †¢Food, drinks and tobacco account for 5.9% †¢Import of goods account for $2.302 trillion dollars and the main import partners are: China 16.2% Russia 11.9% US 11.5% Switzerland 5.8% Norway 5.6% †¢Food, drinks and tobacco account for 5.2% of import goods. †¢The service sector is the most important one in the EU making up 69% of the GDP followed by the manufacturing industry with 28.4% GDP and agriculture for only 2.3% of GDP †¢The agricultural sector is supported by subsidies from the EU and currently represents 40-50% of the EU’s total spending. SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS: †¢There is limited data on European children’s fruit intake, but the data shows that the average fruit intake is about 141 g per day. Fruit intake is highest in Austria and Portugal and is the lowest in Iceland and Spain. †¢Girls and women consume more fruits and vegetables and boys and men do, there is no simple explanation to this but it’s believed to be because women in general are more concerned about their weight and keeping a slim fit figure. †¢Children tend to eat less fruit as they age, but it’s the exact opposite with adults. Intake levels increase with age, possibly because income and knowledge increases and one becomes more aware of the benefits of good eating habits. †¢Men once they are married have an increase in fruit intake. Women seem to have an impact on their husband’s fruit intake as well as the variety of fruits eaten. Women tend to handle ‘health-related’ issues more commonly than men so they tend to buy and cook more food than men. †¢Children’s fruit intake levels directly correlate with how much their parents consume. But pressure to eat fruit does not positively affect children’s intake, but it is enhanced when parents are good role-models and encourage them to eat fruits and vegetables. †¢People with self-efficacy tendencies have a higher fruit intake in adults, also people with a high self-esteem tend to eat more fruits and vegetables because they take their health into account. TECHNOLOGICAL: †¢The EU is funding a project for pesticide free fruits and vegetables by removing the threat of fruit flies. Helping farmers meet customers’ demands for safe fruits while being environmentally conscious. oThe project pretend to use an insect attractant to draw insects and pathogens such as: infectious micro-organisms, virus, fungus that cause diseases in fungus. oThis attractant will be applied in the form of an insect trap near plantations to take bugs away from plantations, this will be a long-lasting and biodegradable baiting station. †¢Europe is becoming more conscious about maintaining a cleaner environment, the EU is committed to providing a better future for the next generations. So they specialize on clean energy, from turbines in Germany to solar panels in Spain, and countries across the EU are using natural resources of sustainable energy bringing investment to businesses and citizens. LEGAL: †¢With the birth of the Single European Market in 1993 the Common Market Organization for Bananas was put into effect (COMB). COMB is concerned on the importation, sale and distribution of bananas. †¢A policy was set in motion allowing EU suppliers to export duty free bananas to all EU states. Also quotas were set for African, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP) imposing import licenses for a fixed rate of volume of bananas, and limited imports through excessively high tariffs. oA quota of 857,000 tons for duty free access from ACP countries †¢Three types of licenses were issued in order to regulate this quota to ACP countries †¢Third countries that were not considered in the quota are subject to a tariff of Ecu 850 per ton. †¢In order to prevent any loss of income by EU banana producers a compensation of payments for 850,000 tons were granted in case the prices fell below the production costs. ENVIRONMENTAL: †¢Flat-free water chargers are common in some countries in Europe. This does not encourage efficient behavior to households and agriculture according to a report from the European Environment Agency (EEA). †¢The EEA is considering water pricing in the following countries: Croatia, England and wales, France, Germany, Netherlands, Scotland, Serbia, Slovenia and Spain. †¢In most countries, farmers are allowed to use as much water as they want  for a flat rate. By charging the amount of water used in Europe it prognosticated to cut down on water used by agriculture for about 10 – 20 %. This will push farmers to not only cut down on their water consumption but to invest on better irrigation system as well as fixing water leaks. †¢The general population in the European Union seem to support this motion to cut down water overuse, about 84% of the population agree with this principle. Marketing Mix In order to better penetrate the European market we have to better understand our own products, so a marketing mix was created to see what we can offer to the market and this will help us to better oversee our operations in the European market. PRODUCT: Chiquita banana takes pride in their first class bananas. But banana consumption vary from country to country so they have other products to fulfill the change in each countries demand. They always keep in mind the environment and consumer’s health, so they have products that meet these two qualifications, products such as: readymade salads, fruit snacks. An independent survey was conducted about people’s preferences and attitudes about bananas, and the poll indicated that the taste of Chiquita bananas was better than competing brands and people preferred it 2 to 1 to the leading brand. The bananas by Chiquita banana are 100% organic approved and certified by the USDA which means that they adhere to the requirements and meet the organic standards of growing bananas. PRICE: These are the prices for bananas per metric ton for the last few months. Bananas prices vary depending on the location where they are being sold. In France the average price for a kg is about $2.00 dollars. In Spain is about $1.00 per kg. But these prices tend to fluctuate with the seasons as well, and some variables take place to why this happens. One of the reasons is that bananas grow in tropical areas so they need hot weather to grow, but it’s harder to maintain them fresh during summer. PLACE: Chiquita banana sells its products internationally to about 70 countries worldwide. The majority of the products grown come from South America and the Caribbean which are then sent to distribution centers. Europe is the largest consumer and importer of bananas in the world, so this would be the best place for the largest banana producer in the world to invest and tap into this gold mine. In the year 2011 people living in the European Union consumed an estimate of 5 million tons of bananas and about 4.6 million tons were imported. Europe would be the best market to try to penetrate and take market share from. Sweden, UK, Denmark, Finland and Portugal are the main consumers of bananas in Europe (see Appendix A). These are the countries within the EU for Chiquita banana to penetrate first. PROMOTION: The way that Chiquita banana promotes their product is very innovative. They have sticker contests and they encourage people to send drawings for possible logos for their stickers. But their latest promotion is endorsing the charismatic minion characters from the movie Despicable Me, they have even worked on an app game available for apple and droid. The point of this game is to run and get as many bananas as possible without running into any obstacles. There is no record for the increase in sales of Chiquita bananas yet because the game is recent, but it’s safe to say that this gamification strategy will work well for the company. Also, as a part of their promotion they attend school lunches, celebrate major anniversaries and sponsor Olympics. They use the slogan â€Å"quite possibly, The World’s Perfect Food† SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS: †¢Chiquita Banana is number one in the fruit market in the world and sells its products to more than 70 countries worldwide. †¢The company had a $3 billion dollar revenue last year. †¢Its net income is about $405 million dollars. †¢The company is committed to being socially responsible A decade ago they implemented social accountability 8000 which has helped improve their practices to better serve the community. â€Å"SA 8000 provides standards based on national laws, international human rights norms and the conventions of the International Labor Organization. Management system  requirements ensure that these standards are consistently implemented over time, and independent audits and certification help measure progress and identify areas for improvement.† WEAKNESSES: †¢The company has not been able to reach out to consumers in Europe, they had a $2 million profit during the last quarter, better compared to the previews year where there was an $11 million loss. †¢Sales fell 2% from $793 million to $774 million in one year. †¢There was an 18 an article was published of ‘Chiquita secrets revealed’ by the enquirer, where the company had been accused of mistreating workers in Central America, polluting the environment and allowing cocaine to be brought to the US in its ships. OPPORTUNITIES: †¢With the new regulations from 1993 the European market has opened for banana companies that do not belong to the ACP countries and Latin America. †¢Our opportunities go hand in hand with the highest consumers of bananas in the EU. According to appendix A, they are: oSweden UK Denmark Finland Portugal †¢These are the first countries that we must try to focus our internationalization efforts into, since they are the highest consumers of our product. †¢Even with the new regulations by COMB Chiquita banana has no real competition from European banana growers, European countries are not optimal for banana growth. Chiquita banana can bring larger quantities at competing prices. THREATS: †¢Some of the threats come from competing companies like: Dole, Del Monte and Fyffes. †¢The analysis of this figure shows Chiquita’s market share shrinking from 1966 to 1995 and then remaining constant at 25% market share. †¢We can also observe that for the year 2007 Dole Company had a bigger market share than Chiquita. †¢Chiquita has to be attentive of the existing competing brands but also the new incoming brands that are stealing market share from the company. Internationalization Strategy and Viability As already stated before, the European Market is the biggest consumer and importer of bananas. Which is why we are interested in creating an internationalization strategy in order to visualize which cities in the European market target more specifically. There is a map in appendix A portraying the European Countries and an estimate of banana consumption, we can see that the northern countries together with Portugal enjoy eating bananas the most. Then we can see a ranking list with the countries that consume the most bananas in Europe, with Sweden being on top of the list. Chiquita banana Co. gets their product from the countries with a yellow dot. Since these are countries that have hot and humid temperature, adequate for banana growth. This map shows us that that in order for the bananas to be shipped from this countries to the EU they have to be shipped in a boat that has to travel the Atlantic for about 6,000 miles. These bananas are stored and refrigerated. This crossing of the A tlantic takes an average of 5 days and the bananas are refrigerated to a temperature between 13.5 and 15 C stalling ripening. Even though flavor and consistency remain virtually intact, this voyage shortens the shelf life to be 7-10 days. Portugal would be a strategic point for the company’s internationalization strategy. A logistics platform could be set up in Porto, a northern city in Portugal, this way we can kill two birds with one rock. We re-fuel the ships and get them ready for their journey to Sweden (our top priority in terms of distribution) and unload some containers to distribute Portugal’s banana demand. Aside from Portugal the countries with the highest consumption of bananas per capita is in Northern Europe, so another logistic platform would be convenient as a final stop before the final destination in each country. Le Havre, France would be a convenient location since it is south of the UK and it is cheaper to have a distribution center there because the euro is not as strong as the sterling pound. Once we have our logistics platform set up in Le Havre we can make accommodatio ns and agreements with companies and retailers that handle fruits and vegetables belonging to the countries that have the highest banana consumption. We would deliver to the following  terminal or ports: †¢Gothenburg, Sweden †¢Brighton, UK †¢Skagen, Denmark †¢Finland is a little more inaccessible through the Baltic Sea, so we would ship Finland’s required bananas to Gothenburg, Sweden as well. From Sweden we could work another logistic route to get to Finland by truck. †¢Porto, Portugal †¢Le Havre, France CHANCE: Iceland is Europe’s top producer of bananas with their world of the art greenhouse installations, even though they rely on their technology they have to constantly monitor their products and create the proper environment for the bananas. This is where Chiquita banana has an opportunity since they don’t have to worry about creating the right conditions for banana growth, the company looks for a convenient location for banana growth and plants the fruit. This enables the company to worry solely on cropping and shipping. Another advantage that the company has over the biggest European banana producer is that, Chiquita banana can acquire bananas in massive quantities while Iceland’s producers have to create the environment to grow more bananas. This is unless the COMB sets a tighter quota. Incoterm An incoterm is a made up word composed of three words. ‘in’ means international, ‘co’ commerce and ‘term’ means term. Incoterms are used to describe the type of relationship between buyer and supplier and they type of contract they use to deliver and receive a product. POSSIBLE INCOTERMS FOR THE COMPANY As a seller the most optimal incoterm for the company would be to agree with the buyer of working with ‘Ex Works’ since the buyer would have to assume the transportation costs and the risks of brining the goods to their stores. I believe this to be very one sided and not efficient, since in order to maximize profits a business deal has to be long-term. Sooner or later one of  the competing brands could offer our buyers a better agreement and we would be out of business, so I would call this a ‘lose-lose situation’. Another option would be the exact opposite from ‘Ex works’ where the seller mantains most of the obligations and expenses while there is minimum for the buyere. This would be a DDP, here the â€Å"seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the named place in the country of the buyer, and pas all costs in bringing the goods to the destination including import duties and taxes. Seller is not responsible for unloading.† t his is also very one sided. My belief is that if we are going to have a long lasting relationship with our business partner we have to compromise, and here we would be taking all most of the bourden of the business deal. Solution As already stated before, in order to create a long lasting relationship with our business partners and maximize profits we have to compromize. Chiquita Banana is trying to gain marketshare in Europe, so the best thing we can do with our business partners is to share the transportation burden and costs. Deliverd at Terminal (DAT) incoterm would be the best viable solution for Chiquita and our buyers. We can promise to deliver the product fresh, safe and sound to the following city ports: Gothenburg, Brighton, Skagen, Porto and Le Havre. We can accept all costs and risks (except for import clearance costs) and from each terminal they can send the bananas to their respective distribution centers or directly to the retailers. That is up to our business partners to decide. It is safe to say that we are taking most of the costs, since it is expensive to cross the atlantic with ships and maintain the fruit at a certain temperature to keep it fresh. But in order to have our buyers support, we have to go the extra mile. This strategy at the same time will speed up the process of internationalization and market share gain for Chiquita Banana. Works Cited European Union. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013 Economy of the European Union. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013 Economy of the European Union. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Intelligent Approaches to Achieving Pesticide-free Produce. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. CHAPTER 3 BANANA IMPORTING COUNTRIES AND TRADE POLICIES. The World Banana Economy, 1985-2002. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Water: Charging Full Cost Can Encourage More Efficient Use. —. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Chiquita.com Chiquita Organic Bananas: Organic Food. Chiquita.com Chiquita Organic Bananas: Organic Food. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Europe Largest Banana Importer Worldwide. Europe Largest Banana Importer Worldwide. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Chiquita.com Social Responsibility Is How We Conduct Business. Chiquita.com Social Responsibility Is How We Conduct Business. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Chiquita Banana Sales Remain Weak in Europe. Chiquita Banana Sales Remain Weak in Europe. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013 Chiquita Brands International. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Banana. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Martin Stott. Iceland: Europe’s Biggest Producer of Bananas. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Economy of the European Union. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013.

One-pot Synthesis of Porous Coordination Polymers

One-pot Synthesis of Porous Coordination Polymers Generally, the properties of crystals are strongly determined not only by their chemical composition, but also by their morphology, size and surface structure.1-3 Over the past decade, crystals with specific crystal facets have attracted great research interest because the exposed facets on the crystals finely affect the chemical and physical properties of the functional materials.4-6 For example, noble-metallic nanocrystals having high-index facets generally show much higher plasmonic and catalytic activity than that of nanocrystals with low-energy facets.7-9 Therefore, the design and synthesis of crystals with specific crystal facets is desired, but is still a challenge. Porous coordination polymers (PCPs) or metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are considered as a unique class of inorganic–organic hybrid materials with metal centers and organic linkers,10 have received growing attention in recent years because of their tailored pore structure, high surface area and many exceptional properties such as gas adsorption and storage,11,12 drug release,13,14 sensing,15,16 membranes,17,18 and catalysis.19,20 To date, many research efforts have been focused on the design, synthesis and applications of bulk MOFs materials; however, nanosized MOFs (NMOFs) materials have become increasingly interesting in the last decade because their microstructure, morphology and size also determine the properties and applications of NMOFs materials.21-22 Likewise, aspect ratio and exposed crystal facets of NMOFs crystals play an important role on the properties of materials such as sorption properties, and oriented film formation as well.23-25 Therefore, controllabl e synthesis of well-defined NMOF crystals with specific exposed crystal facets in the nano/micrometer range is highly desirable. However, it is still difficult to design a universal synthetic method to achieve above target due to the variety in MOFs structures and various experimental parameters affecting the crystal shape and size. To date, several synthetic strategies have been employed by research groups for the synthesis of NMOFs such as room-temperature precipitation,26-27 hydro/solvothermal techniques,22,28 microwave-assisted synthesis,29,30 sonochemical synthesis31,32 and electrochemical synthesis method.33 Among them, room-temperature precipitation, in which the solutions of metal salts and organic linkers are mixed, is the simplest system to produce NMOFs. Compared with other methods, solution-based precipitation syntheses at room temperature possess some advantages, such as safe reaction process, easily controllable reaction conditions, low energy consumption, and short reaction time. On the other hand, the use of various additives is an important synthesis approach for the fabrication of NMOFs materials with tunable morphology and size because the additives usually suppress nucleation and crystal growth during the reaction process. Monocarboxylic acids and their salts have been widely used as the addi tives or capping agents for the preparation of NMOFs which can alter the coordination equilibrium at the crystal surface during the nucleation and growth process.29,30,34 Kitagawa and coworkers have used the combination of the coordination-modulation method and microwave synthesis to control the size and morphology of HKUST-1 in which dodecanoic acid was employed as the coordiantion modulator.29,30 Huber and Fischer have yielded stable and size-selected MOF-5 colloids by adding p-perfluoroethylbenzoic acid as capping reagent.34 Besides, N-heterocycles and alkylamines also are used as additives in the synthesis of MOFs and ZIFs. Oh et al. reported that pyridine was added in the solvothermal synthesis of In-MIL-53 to manipulate the morphology of the microsized crystals.35 Huber and Wiebcke reported a rapid room-temperature production of ZIF-8 crystals with different sizes by employing an excess of auxiliary ligands such as 1-methylimidazole and n-Butylamine.36 Another kind of additive s including surfactants and polymers also has been used to control morphology and size of NMOFs which could suppress the growth of specific crystal facets. Our previously reported HKUST-1 nanocrystals with controllable size and morphology from nanocube to microoctahedron have been readily synthesized at room temperature by adjusting the concentration of CTAB (CTAB = cetyltrimethylammonium bromide).26 Zeng and Eddaoudi reported highly monodisperse M(III)-soc-MOFs with a morphological evolution from simple cubes to complex octadecahedra have been achieved using a series of surfactants and structure-directing agents.37 Porous coordination polymer [Cu2(PZDC)2(PYZ)] crystals (PZDC = pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylate, PYZ = pyrazine) with tunable size were prepared in a predictable manner via addition of organic polymer Poly(vinylsulfonic acid, sodium salt) by Kitagawas group.38 However, to the best of our knowledge, the study on other types of additives such as acids or bases allowing control t he morphology of NMOFs, especially inducing the crystal morphological evolution of polyhedron, has not been realized so far. Although the role of the pH of the reaction medium, which is to deprotonate the ligands, accelerate nucleation rate and consequently cause smaller size of particles has been studied systematically,39 the detailed studies on the morphological evolution of crystal induced by acid−base environment of the reaction medium are scarce. Herein in this work, we develop a simple and straightforward method for the one-pot synthesis of porous coordination polymers with controllable shape by using different bases (sodium acetate, aqueous ammonia, triethylamine and NaOH) as deprotonation reagents in the ethanol-water mixture at room temperature. We specifically selected porous coordination polymer MOF-14 ([Cu3(BTB)2], H3BTB = 4,4,4-benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tribenzoic acid) as candidate material for the investigations which possesses a dicopper paddle wheel secondary building unit that exhibits unsaturated metal centers upon activation and has received great attention due to its high porosity and large specific surface areas.40 Its benzenetribenzoate-based analogue HKUST-1 ([Cu3(BTC)2], H3BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarbocylic acid) also was studied. In this paper, a morphological evolution of MOF-14 from rhombic dodecahedron to truncated rhombic dodecahedron, cube with truncated edges and to cube was achieved by increasing the conce ntration of sodium acetate, likewise, a morphological transformation of HKUST-1 from octahedron to cuboctahedron and finally to cube was obtained in the similar process. We further investigated the proposed crystal formation mechanism and found that the higher-energy surface of crystals would appear when more amount of bases were added, indicating that the exposed surface facets of porous coordination polymers could be controlled by acid−base environment of the reaction medium. The gas adsorption properties of MOF-14 with different shapes were also studied and it reveal that properties of MOF-14 display a strong dependence on the facets exposed on the surface.

1930-1940 Essay -- Essays Papers

1930-1940 The 1930s brought a very turbulent time to the United States. As a result of the Stock Market Crash of 1929, the nation was experiencing a severe depression. There were hard class divisions dividing the nation. People were either extremely rich or extremely poor. The middle class simply did not exist (Bondi 97). On March 4, 1933 Franklin Delano Roosevelt took office with the promise of hope and relief for struggling Americans. Roosevelt followed up his promise for help with the New Deal, his plan to combat the depression. The New Deal involved the three R’s: relief, recovery and reform. It included measures concerning banking, securities, industry, and agriculture (Bondi 97). Roosevelt won reelection in 1936 and the economy was on an upswing thanks to the New Deal. However, in 1937-1938, the economy began to waver again. At the end of the decade, employment rates went up thanks to federal jobs. These federal jobs included workers building roads, bridges, and public buildings (Bondi 97). In addition, the rise of unemployment and the lack of job security brought on the rise of organized labor. When the Great Depression struck, only five percent of the workforce was unionized. However, when the decade ended that number nearly tripled and over ten million workers in the United States belonged to a labor union (Brittanica). During the 1930s the world experienced many hardships just as the United States. The Great Depression was not only a problem in the United States, but it was a global problem. In nineteen thirty-two, six million people were unemployed in Germany and three million in Britain (Freeman 3). These depressions may have led to the increase in dictatorships. Both Hitler and Stalin came into power in the 1... ...measures to ensure that women and men sat on opposite sides of the classroom while attending class together. Again, the mingling of men and women was a great concern to the University (Schweikart 9-10). Edith Wharton’s Roman Fever shows the perception of women in the 1930s. Women had just gained the right to vote, but in society the role of the woman had not changed much since the late eighteen hundreds. Women were still expected to be proper and remain pure and innocent. Roman Fever portrays these feminine qualities. Roman Fever has many of the same qualities as Henry James’ short story, "Daisy Miller." Both are written about women who ignore the rules that society has placed on them. It seems Edith Wharton was commenting on women who sinned and the consequences that they will face. In the nineteen thirties, women were to be proper and stay away from such dangers.

How is our I-Function related to Impulsive Behavior? :: Impulses Neurology Papers

How is our I-Function related to Impulsive Behavior? What are impulses? We experience impulses every day. Why are you wearing your orange shirt today? Why did you pick a salad for dinner instead of steak? Why did you drive one route to work as opposed to another? I suppose some people are more spontaneous than others, but can impulses be called sporadic? Uncontrolled? Are they valid choices you have made - or are impulses something we do not realize we are powerless to? Can we choose to say certain things? Do we have any choices? Who, or what rather, is in control? Some people have impulses that are not conducive to the decorum of society. Some people cannot explain their need, their impulse, to shout obscenities, to make strange faces at strangers, or to excessively mimic others around them. Tourette's Syndrome is one example of a disorder that causes a person to be overwhelmed by impulses to say and do things that they cannot control. Do impulses have varying degrees? And can some people more efficiently control these impulses, or channel the impulsive thoughts into something other than actions? Is our behavior conducive to the ability to monitor numerous impulses of all degrees? And I wonder what role I-function plays in behavior, if behavior is explained in terms of controlled impulses. I wrote my last paper on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and the implications that this disorder has on our understanding of the I-function. OCD patients are overwhelmed by the impulse to do certain actions or rituals that calm their fears. These fears might be of germs, heights, strangers, or something less common. OCD sufferers are treated by attempts to help the patients teach themselves to overcome their impulses that relieve their unfounded fears. The question that arises is how the OCD sufferer can be aware of their unrealistic and unprecedented fears, but cannot control their impulsive behavior? We are not conscious of the blind spot when our brain 'fills in' the empty area created by the blind spot, and thus have no control over our blind spot. However, OCD patients are aware of their brain's autonomous control over their behavior that causes obscure actions and thoughts that are typical of OCD patients. The I-function is not involved in the blind spot, but is it or is it not involved in OCD behaviors? How can the OCD patient be aware of what is going on, but not be able to control himself?

The Beginnings of the Sectional Crisis :: American America History

The Beginnings of the Sectional Crisis During the antebellum period, the North and the South were complete opposites. This led to each side viewing itself as superior and viewing the other as "backward." Each side believed itself to be superior, in all aspects, to the other. The reasons for these opinions can be found in the different economic, social, and cultural systems found in these two regions. The Southern economy was primarily agricultural. This economy, like many other agricultural economies, did not allow for a great deal of social mobility. The South also lacked factories, or much industry. However, this was not the main difference between the North and the South. Most troubling to Northerners was that the South used slaves as its main source of labor. Obviously, Northerners would be appalled by the barbarism associated with slavery, the beatings, the separation of families; but they were not. Most appalling to Northerners was that slavery did not encourage social mobility, education, or industrial expansion in a society. This was in direct conflict with northern views. The North had always been an industrious society. Ever since the Transportation Revolution of the early 19th century, the North progressed while the South stagnated. The North produced steel and iron while the South's mainly produced cotton. This is not to say that the South was not an economically prosperous region, but it was just not built "in the North's image of industrious." The South did not seem to have a problem with the system of slavery. After all, why should they? it had been successful for over 200 years. Instead, they saw the North as a cruel society full of the treacheries caused by capitalism. They saw factory work as "wage slavery" while they viewed Southern slavery as "paternalistic" and "benevolent." Slavery, they contended, helped eliminate all class distinctions in Southern society. In the North, they saw, factory owners became rich while their employees lived in a state of poverty. Slavery was the great unifier of Southern society. Poor Southerners also supported the "peculiar institution", because it ensured that even the poorest white man was higher than a black man was. This was why Southerners said it preserved social order. Slavery, essentially, gave poor whites someone to look down upon and mock. To an agrarian society the preservation of a rigid class system is of primary concern, unfortunately, this was the only way the South could preserve it was through slavery.

Relation to the Socio-Political Essay

Comparison and Contrast of the General Tones of the Sumerian and Egyptian Hymns, in Relation to the Socio-Political and Geographic History of these Nations It is interesting to note that the Egyptian and Sumerian civilizations both sprung up beside rivers: Egypt lies in the delta of the Nile while the Sumerian civilization was on the fertile Mesopotamia along the banks of Tigris and Euphrates. It is thus expected that both civilizations revere their river, and associate them with gods, because the rivers prove to be vital to their existence and a channel of life for them. These forces of nature are considered holy and addressed by prayers. Examples of such pleas can be found in both hymns â€Å"A Sumero-Akadian Prayer to Every God† and the â€Å"Hymn to the Nile. † In these prayers, however, we find very different attitudes of the early people towards their gods. In the Sumero-Akadian prayer we will read a tone of sorrow, grief and fear by a troubled soul over his offences with the gods. The introduction fearfully desire for peace with the divinity: â€Å"May the fury of my lords heart be quieted toward me. † Throughout the text we will also find out that the gods are not named, but is rather just sanctified as an existing being that may not be offended. This apparent fear of the divinity may be attributed to the structure of the Mesopotamian civilizations, where the land was divided into different city-states believed to be owned by a deity. The Sumerian state is therefore not a solid state, but is a conglomeration of small states. Consistent fear of invasion made them turn into the divine beings for protection and blessing. As a further note, in the Sumero-Akadian civilizations, the power of government is divided into two: the lugal took care of the military powers and the even more powerful ensi was the supreme religious leader who also controlled â€Å"economic and technological expertise† (Krejci and Krejcova, p. 31). It can therefore be seen that the fear of the gods was the way of the ensi to maintain political control over his dominions. Political and social structure in Egypt proved much different from the Sumerians. The whole of Egypt was controlled by only one ruler – the Pharaohs. This unity gave the Egyptians more control over their surroundings and their country. Early on, the Egyptians had a clear sense of identity (Kemp, p. 25). This control is best exemplified by their ability to time and control the flooding of the Nile. However, geographically, the Egyptians were not as lucky as the Sumerians, as they were surrounded by deserts. This made them consider the Nile as a gift from the gods, a means by which they would live. It is therefore not surprising that the â€Å"Hymn to the Nile† is a joyous song of praise. The overall theme of the hymn is perhaps best stated in the first lines: â€Å"Hail to thee, O Nile! Who manifests thyself over this land, and comes to give life to Egypt!† References Mircea Eliade `From Primitives to Zen`: A SUMERO-AKADIAN PRAYER Ancient History Sourcebook:Hymn to the Nile, c. 2100 BCE Jaroslav Krejci, Anna Krejcova (1990). Before the European Challenge: The Great Civilizations of Asia and the Middle East. SUNY Press. Barry J. Kemp (2006). Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization, 2nd Ed. Routledge

Dubai’s Work And Cultural Environment

Dubai has already emerged as a leading regional commercial hub offering world class infrastructure and a business environment second-to-none. But barriers for an easily successful work assignment in the UAE, particularly Dubai consist of a number of factors that make people exchanges more complicated—differences in principle, language and behavior in the work environment. Although business customs will vary somewhat in the region, by trying to understand Islam and Arab culture, an individual is in better position to be effective. In Dubai, the work is demanding, going from 7 or 8 a. . to noon or 1 p. m. , when the midday heat encourages long lunches and perhaps naps; people work again from 4 to at least 8 p. m. Far more than government employment, private business is competitive and demanding, and the hours are long. For many businessmen, lunches are also business meetings, and sometimes international business timings mean that there is no real break at midday. Meetings in Dubai take a little getting used to as business executives are expected to arrive punctually, but can end up waiting a long time for the host. Meetings, when they do eventually start, can go for hours without seemingly achieving anything tangible. It should be also pointed out that in the emirate, employees are more loyal to their companies and therefore are difficult to lure away even for big money. Negotiation and informal mediation or conciliation remain the most common means of resolving commercial disputes in Dubai. The scale and pace of development within the emirate over the past few years have, however, brought about an increased need for more formal dispute resolution services. More recently, the growing desirability of Dubai as an investment destination and as a regional or international base for multinational companies, has created a demand for dispute resolution services. In ascriptive cultures characteristic of Dubai, status, which is derived from the job title or general characteristics such as age or birth, is what matters. Ascription oriented cultures tend to correspond with cultures which exhibit high power distance dimension (Jackson 357). Care needs to be taken regarding who represents an organization in negotiations in ascriptive-oriented cultures. Representation of an organization in negotiations by young, high-fliers from an achievement oriented culture is often regarded by an ascriptive organization as an indication that the talks are not taken very seriously or even as a sign of disrespect. The size of the team can also be an issue: if the lead negotiator/ company representative is not accompanied by a suitably large team of assistants, then an ascriptive oriented organization can reach similar conclusions about its counterparts. Dubai is more culturally South Asian, as compared to its rival emirate Abu Dhabi, which is more culturally Arabic. Traditional gender conventions weigh less heavily on expatriate women in Dubai than in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait or Abu Dhabi. Dubai, as a member of the UAE, also follows Islamic sharia and Arabic is its official language, but it was strongly influenced by the British and South Asian connection (Moran, Harris and Moran 338). Thus, in Dubai, Urdu (Hindustani) is readily spoken and understood by many Arabs. Also, in the said emirate, expatriate workers are conspicuous on Fridays, when most have their day off. The challenge for a business executive when operating on foreign soils, in this particular paper Dubai, is to understand and properly infer the different cultural signs. This could be significant in an expatriate work environment, as expatriates operate in a very uncertain environment, and the reality can be vicariously influenced by the culture that prevails within. Inability to do this can end in severe difficulties for specific initiatives. In order to cooperate with rather than work against factors that are culturally related, it is essential to make out that all humans see society by means of a cultural prism and that, although cultural preconceptions may be shared by others within the organization and to an extent by those with the identical nationality, they may be foreign to those to whom the organizational venture is hoping to do business with.

Birth control essay Essay

Birth control has come a long way since the introduction of the birth control pill. There are now more than a dozen methods to choose from.The most common ones could be condoms and birth control pills.Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, but none of those methods can be 100% safe,except for abstinence.None having sex with another person is the only way to be 100%effective of birth control. A condom is a barrier method commonly used during sexual intercourse to reduce the probability of pregnancy. As a method of birth control, condoms have the advantage of being inexpensive, easy to use, having few side effects, and offering protection against sexually transmitted diseases. When used consistently and correctly with every act of sexual intercourse, male condoms can prevent pregnancy and STDs, including HIV/ AIDS. They are safe, and have no hormonal side-effects. They are very easy to find and use without seeing a healthcare provider first. Condoms do have some disadvantages too. Latex condoms may cause itching for a few people who are allergic to latex and/or lubricants. There is still a small possibility that a condom will slip off during sex. Some people are too embarrassed to buy, ask a partner to use, put on, take off, or throw away condoms.And condoms don’t make u feel good. Birth control pills provide highly reliable contraceptive protection, exceeding 99%. Even when imperfect use is considered, the BCPs are still very effective in preventing pregnancy. Birth control pills cause menstrual cycles to occur regularly and predictably. This is especially helpful for women with periods that come too often or too infrequently. Birth control pills can improve acne as well. For moderate to severe acne, which other medications can’t cure, birth control pills may be prescribed.But birth control pills have disadvantages. Women taking birth control pills usually have a small increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Headaches may start in women who have not previously had headaches, or can get worse in those who do. Some women should not take pills if they have specific health conditions, including some types of diabetes, liver disease.Plus, The pill costs more than condoms. People are abstinent for many reasons, including to prevent pregnancy.And it is definitely the easiest,safest and the most convenient way to prevent pregnancy. People can choose abstinence to prevent STDs, wait until they’re ready for a sexual relationship, focus  on school, career, or extracurricular activities. Sexual relationships present risks. Abstinence is a very good way to postpone taking those risks until you are better able to handle them. There are few disadvantages to abstinence as well.People may find it difficult to abstain for long periods of time and may end their period of abstinence without being prepared to protect themselves against pregnancy or infection.And there is often pressure from your partner or friends to have sex.lt is hard to control yourself particularly in the moment. If you really want to prevent pregnancy,the best way is obviously abstinence. lt is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy. Therefore, It’s the best protection and the only guarantee. Abstinence is a good way to really get to know your boyfriend or girlfriend without the complications of sex.After knowing each other really well,if you really want to have sex with your boyfriend.l suggest you to use birth control pills,because they are safer even though they are much more expensive.But l don’t think that you want to risk on preventing pregnancy.If you can’t even afford the birth control pills,you are absolutely not ready to have a kid.But although birth control pills are 98.7% effective,there is still risk to get pregnant.So no method is completely safe except for abstinence.You have to consider carefully before you become sexually active.Don’t do anything that would make yourself regret.We are all responsible for ourselves! Shirly Zhou Per.3

Morality, Behavior and Personality May Be Influenced Essay

Discuss how one’s morality, behavior and personality may be influenced by adoption of a cyber-ego in a Virtual Environment; in respect to both the person adopting the cyber-ego and any observers/participants within the same VE. When one is in a virtual environment for long, one soon becomes convinced that the cyber space world is the real world which is the turning point in his life after which everything turns against him. This virtual world that is mistaken to be the real world is a parallel world that one is in. the presence of one in the virtual world that is non–existent leads one to fall in a state is consciousness which is very different from the one in the real world. After this, one starts to think differently, act in a way one has never acted before and a lot of other things that soon do not make sense to him self either, but this is a fact that although one knows there is something wrong, one can not help it. (Johnson 2003) It becomes a part of one’s life and is difficult to get out of it. After being in a parallel universe that is all made up, there is different stimuli that then change and guides our behaviors. It is a journey which a lot of people find interesting. On their journey to no where, when they are entering the virtual world, they take along the best ethics that their religion could teach them, wonderful morals that they learnt from their parents since they were kids and the cultural ethics that they grew in since they were kids; all that is with them when they are entering the virtual world, but it is ironic that when they come out of it for something they are completely different. (Pritchard 2000) One is a completely different individual which some how loses all its values that were taught to him or her during their life span and all the ethics and morals that they learned while they were in school and all that goes deep down the drain. How the virtual world affects culture, values, morals, ethics and perception of which people are and of what the world is, changes; is what will be discussing through out this report. (Ess 2006) When one enters a virtual environment, it is a battle of what is real and what one has left behind. This is where one’s cyber ego comes into picture. In addition, Cyber ego is primarily what a person thinks of one self in a virtual environment. There is no doubt that there is a lot of artificial intelligence involved in the so called virtual environment that one enters in, but there is a problem of cyber ego that makes many individuals question themselves before entering an environment as such. The moral values are lost and this is not only true but has been experienced by many people who have made a mistake of entering a virtual environment. Talking to different people, people that one is not aware of as ever even existing before they started talking in the cyber world, it changes one’s attitude and the stimuli that one guided the person’s perception and state of emotion; this all mutate and make the individual a different person, for all wrong reasons. (Schultz 2005) There are a lot of things that have an impact on our morals and ethics. For example, the more time one spends on it, the more aggressive one gets. This aggressiveness can be because one can no more differentiate between the real world that one lives in and the virtual world that one is in most of the time of the day. This aggressiveness adds to the change in one’s attitude and hence personality. (Ess 2006) The changes in one’s attitude and personality all depends on how much one might be engrossed in cyber ego. How much one would want oneself to be a part of the virtual environment and adopt cyber ego is the question that will also answer how much a person changes and becomes a truly different person that one was not. It is the difference of decisions that one makes that leads one towards developing a cyber ego being unhealthy to an extent that it would drive the life long morals and ethics out of the person and make one a totally different person. Having this said, it is of utter concern of as to how the changes take place. Some claim that the fact that hours and hours of the week are spent in front of the computer screens being in a world that is non existent. Having a personality that is not the personality the person has in the real world, and faking that personality to be the real one; if so is done for hours, every single day of the week for months or even years, yes there will be a drastic change in what one believes and what one perceives. (George 2003) This will soon be followed by the changes in the person’s emotions towards different things in life, whether it is with family or friends or other loved ones. The emotions at times are not stimulated, because the person is so engrossed with something and being completely some one else that it soon loses the charm of the stimulation that it got from various stimuli from the environment that stirred the person to either be someone or to achieve something in life. After all this happening everyday there is no way one will not be stoic and indifferent to various activities going around it. (Rosinski 2007) Ever person has a threshold, to go beyond the threshold of a human being is par a normal human’s limit. This threshold although does stop the person from being someone that the person is not, but ultimately becomes so. In this journey of being some one, one is not in the virtual world is cyber ego and creates a totally different person with a completely different personality and lastly with distorted morals and ethics. (Francis 1996) Up till now in the essay, the affect of cyber ego on people who adapt the virtual environment had been discussed, but now the observer’s part of the thesis will be discussed. When a person adopts and gets used to of being in the virtual environment, one has a very different personality inside the virtual world. This personality and morals that one supposedly has is entirely and completely different than that of the real world. While people are observing the same person through out, they get a very different person outside the virtual world. Although if the same talk is held in the cyber environment, the person is said to have morals, ethics and cultural values – almost all of which go against the ones that the person has in the real world – people would not really know the difference. The question that a lot of the people adapting such habits as to being a completely and totally different person over the internet is said to be something that one should not be proud of. Although research tells us that it is in their hands to choose to be who they want to be while in the cyber environment. On the contrary, they can not be blamed to have a different personality and morals. (Pritchard 2000) Every person wants to be on the top of the world; having the perfect car, the perfect life, the perfect family, the perfect job and who does not want to be a millionaire. If not this, a person might portray one self to be something that one has always wanted to be in the real world. The reason being it is that people can not be that person in reality; things are not as easy as they seem to be. Saying that one wants to be a surgeon, is not that easy, one has to have the spirit, the ambition, the money to get in to a medical college, and a lot of other things too that come with it. (Schultz 2005) One can portray to be who ever one wants, with all the goodies of the world – only in the virtual world. People start lying, adapt cyber ego, and become totally different individuals. There is no reason why this fake personality would not affect the real world personality. Not only do the observers and other users of the virtual environment notice some cues, well the other users are doing the same too, hence they tend to pick up cues that way too, but the others out side this made up world notice changes in the individual as well. One of the changes that are quite prominent is aggressiveness. (George 2003) The idea of having different personality and morals in the virtual environment is for them to get internal happiness that they might not be getting in the real world. The reason why the world that people live in is so called the real world and the world that people adapt to and live in is so called the virtual world, is because the so called real world is so different from the world that people want to live in. The virtual world is all made up and completely fake and people get the easy way out by pretending to have things they do not possess and being some one they are not. They wish to see themselves as being worthy of such happiness and success. And regardless of the fact that they succeed in real life in it or not, in the virtual world they are successful. This gives them internal happiness and strength, on one hand it pushes them to spend more time in the virtual environment and portray them to be successful and on the other hand, they become more stable, emotionally. (Rosinski 2007) An individual is completely different which some how makes one lose all its values that were taught to him or her during their life span and all the ethics and morals that they learned while they were in school and all that goes deep down the drain. How the virtual world affects our culture, values, morals, ethics and perception of which we are is important to understand. (Francis 1996) People in the virtual environment and outside it are great observers, they pick up cues better when they them selves are involved in the same activities, hence observing the same person through out the time that they have been in touch, and they get a very different person outside the virtual world. Although if the same talk is held in the cyber environment, the person is said to have morals, ethics and cultural values – almost all of which go against the ones that the person has in the real world – people would not really know the difference. The question that a lot of the people adapting such habits as to being a completely and totally different person over the internet is said to be something that one should not be proud of. Although research tells us that it is in their hands to choose to be who they want to be while in the cyber environment. On the contrary, they can not be blamed to have a different personality and morals. (Pritchard 2000) After being in a parallel universe that is all made up by people in the virtual environment, there is different stimuli that then change and guides behaviors of people adapting cyber ego in the virtual environment. It is a journey which a lot of people find interesting and the reasons of as to why they might find it interesting have been discussed above. (Brown 2006) On their journey to no where, when they are entering the virtual world, they take along the best ethics that their religion could teach them, wonderful morals that they learnt from their parents since they were kids and the cultural ethics that they grew in since they were kids; all that is with them when they are entering the virtual world, but it is ironic that when they come out of it for something they are completely different. (Schultz 2005) To conclude what has been discussed earlier, we know that the adoption of cyber ego over the internet and in the virtual environment has negative affects on personality, behavior, ethics, morals and cultural values. There are various reasons of as to why people would want to adapt this virtual environment and would want to be a part of it. The idea of having a different personality and unusual morals in the virtual environment is for them to get internal happiness that they might not be getting in the real world. Then the real world and the virtual worlds were defined. The reason why the world that people live in is so called the real world and the world that people adapt to and live in is so called the virtual world, is because the so called real world is so different from the world that people want to live in. (George 2003) The virtual world is all made up and completely fake and people get the easy way out by pretending to have things they do not possess and being some one they are not. They wish to see themselves as being worthy of such happiness and success. (Brown 2006) Regardless of the fact that they succeed in real life in it or not, in the virtual world they are successful. This gives them internal happiness and strength. One can portray to be who ever one wants, with all the goodies of the world – only in the virtual world. People start lying, adapt cyber ego, and become totally different individuals. There is no reason why this fake personality would not affect the real world personality. On one hand it pushes them to spend more time in the virtual environment and portray them to be successful and on the other hand, they become more stable, emotionally and mentally too. Although this adaptation of cyber ego has its negative impacts on behavior and how one portrays one self to be, but it also affects the cultural values that one beholds. The morals and ethics that are affected go with it too. (Johnson 2003) Reference List Brennan , L. L. & Johnson, V. 2003, Social, Ethical and Policy Implications of Information Technology; Information Science Publishing, [E-Book], available at: http://books. google. com/books? id=n3D4qihAsTcC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 [Accessed 8 June 2008] Brown, J. 2006, Virtual reality and its role in removing the barriers that turn cognitive impairments into intellectual disability, Virtual Reality, [online], available at: http://www. proquest. com/ [accessed June 18, 2008] De George, R. T. 2003, the Ethics of Information Technology and Business (Foundations of Business Ethics), Wiley-Blackwell, [online], Available at: http://books. google. ae/books? id=pDs3b2R8qaEC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPA284,M1 [Accessed 8 June 2008] Francis, F. 1996, Trust still counts in a virtual world, Forbes, New York, [online], Available at: http://proquest.umi. com. ezproxy. uow. edu. au:2048/pqdweb? did=10450037&sid=15&Fmt=3&clientId=20901&RQT=309&VName=PQD [accessed June 14, 2008] Hongladaram, S & Ess, C. 2006, Information Technology Ethics: Cultural Perspectives, IGI Global, [online], Available at: http://www. capurro. de/hongladarom. html [Accessed 10 June 2008] Pritchard, D. 2000, Holding the Media Accountable: Citizens, Ethics, and the Law, Indiana University Press, [online], Available at: http://books. google. com/books? id=sAJ3A7jVCVMC&rview=1 [Accessed 10 June 2008]